Pero no os asustéis. Me he convertido en maestro del arte. Para mí no hay cerraduras ni cerrojos que valgan; cuando me apetece una cosa, es como si ya la tuviese. De todos modos no me gusta lo que dices: un ladrón es un ladrón. Dijo, al fin: - Aunque sea ladrón, es mi hijo, después de todo, y mis ojos lo han visto otra vez.

Esta misma tarde iré a visitarlo. Y al anochecer, el maestro ladrón subió a su coche y se dirigió al castillo. El conde lo recibió cortésmente, pues lo tomó por un personaje distinguido. Pero cuando el forastero se dio a conocer, palideció y estuvo unos momentos silencioso. Al fin, dijo: - Eres mi ahijado; por eso usaré contigo de misericordia y no de justicia, y te trataré con indulgencia.

Y advierte que te va en ello el pellejo. Dirigióse el maestro a la próxima ciudad; compró los vestidos de una vieja campesina y se los puso. Tiñóse luego la cara de un color terroso y se pintó las correspondientes arrugas, con tanta destreza que nadie lo habría reconocido. Puso el barrilito en una canasta, que se cargó a la espalda y, con paso vacilante y mesurado, regresó al castillo del conde.

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Había ya cerrado la noche cuando llegó. Por lo visto no tienes cobijo para la noche, y duermes donde puedes. Aproximóse la vieja a pasitos, y, después de rogar que le descargasen la canasta de la espalda, se sentó con ellos a la lumbre. Me gano la vida con este comercio.

Por dinero y buenas palabras os daría un vasito. Échame otro -. Aquí tenemos a una abuela que trae un vino tan viejo como ella. La abuela sirvió vaso tras vaso, hasta que se hubo vaciado el barrilito, y, al cabo de poco rato se le soltaba a uno la rienda de la mano y, cayendo al suelo, empezó a roncar estrepitosamente. El que estaba montado, si bien continuó sobre el caballo, inclinó la cabeza hasta casi tocar el cuello del animal, durmiendo y resoplando como un fuelle; y el tercero soltó, a su vez, la cola que sostenía. Los soldados del exterior, rato ha que dormían, tumbados por el suelo, como si fuesen de piedra.

Al ver el maestro ladrón que le salía bien la estratagema, puso en la mano del primero una cuerda en sustitución de la brida, y en la del que sostenía la cola, un manojo de paja. No quería bajarlo, por miedo a que despertase y se pusiera a gritar. Mas no tardó en hallar una solución.

Desató la cincha y ató la silla a unas cuerdas enrolladas que pendían de la pared, dejando al caballero en el aire y, sacando al animal de debajo de la silla, sujetó firmemente las cuerdas a los postes. En un santiamén soltó la cadena que sujetaba al caballo y salió con él de la cuadra. Mas las pisadas del animal sobre el patio empedrado podían ser oídas desde el castillo, y, para evitarlo, envolvió las patas del animal con viejos trapos, lo sacó con toda precaución, montó sobre él y emprendió el galope.

Al clarear el día, el maestro ladrón volvió a palacio, caballero en el robado corcel. El conde acababa de levantarse y se hallaba asomado a la ventana. Aquí os traigo el caballo que saqué, sin contratiempo, de la cuadra. Y te advierto que si te pesco actuando de ladrón, te trataré como tal. This has also been influenced by Colombia's varied geography. The majority of the urban centres are located in the highlands of the Andes mountains, but Colombian territory also encompasses Amazon rainforest, tropical grassland and both Caribbean and Pacific coastlines.

Ecologically, Colombia is one of the world's 18 megadiverse countries the most biodiverse per unit area. It was conceived by the Venezuelan revolutionary Francisco de Miranda as a reference to all the New World, but especially to those territories and colonies under Spanish and Portuguese rule. The name was later adopted by the Republic of Colombia of , formed out of the territories of the old Viceroyalty of New Granada modern-day Colombia, Panama, Venezuela and Ecuador. In , when Venezuela and Ecuador broke away, the Cundinamarca region that remained became a new country — the Republic of New Granada.

In New Granada officially changed its name to the Grenadine Confederation, then in the United States of Colombia, before finally adopting its present name — the Republic of Colombia — in Beginning in the first millennium BC, groups of Amerindians developed the political system of "cacicazgos" with a pyramidal structure of power headed by caciques.

The Muisca people are considered to have had one of the most developed political systems in South America, after the Incas. Spanish explorers made the first exploration of the Caribbean littoral in led by Rodrigo de Bastidas. Christopher Columbus navigated near the Caribbean in The territory's main population was made up of hundreds of tribes of the Chibchan and Carib, currently known as the Caribbean people, whom the Spaniards conquered through warfare and alliances, while resulting disease such as smallpox, and the conquest and ethnic cleansing itself caused a demographic reduction among the indigenous.

In the sixteenth century, Europeans began to bring slaves from Africa. Since the beginning of the periods of Conquest and Colonization, there were several rebel movements under Spanish rule, most of them either being crushed or remaining too weak to change the overall situation. The last one which sought outright independence from Spain sprang up around , following the independence of St.

Domingue in present-day Haiti , who provided a non-negligible degree of support to the eventual leaders of this rebellion: Simón Bolívar and Francisco de Paula Santander. In a movement initiated by Antonio Nariño, who opposed Spanish centralism and which led the opposition against the viceroyalty. After the independence of Cartagena in November , two independent governments formed which fought a Civil War, a period known as La Patria Boba.

Despite the successes of the rebellion, the emergence of two distinct ideological currents among the liberators federalism and centralism gave rise to an internal clash between these two, thus contributing to the reconquest of territory by the Spanish, allowing restoration of the viceroyalty under the command of Juan de Samano, whose regime punished those who participated in the uprisings. This stoked renewed rebellion, which, combined with a weakened Spain, made possible a successful rebellion led by Simón Bolívar, who finally proclaimed independence in The pro-Spanish resistance was finally defeated in on the present territory of Colombia and in around the Viceroyalty of time.

The Congress of Cucuta in adopted a constitution, whose main goal was to create the Republic of Colombia, now referred to as La Gran Colombia, which also included present-day Venezuela, Panama and Ecuador. However, the new republic was very unstable and ended with the rupture of Venezuela in , followed by Ecuador, in The rebellion finally succeeded in when the territory of the Viceroyalty of New Granada became the Republic of Colombia organized as a union of Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela Panama was then an integral part of Colombia. Internal political and territorial divisions led to the secession of Venezuela and Quito today's Ecuador in The so-called "Department of Cundinamarca" adopted the name "Nueva Granada", which it kept until when it became the "Confederación Granadina" Grenadine Confederation.

After a two-year civil war in , the "United States of Colombia" was created, lasting until , when the country finally became known as the Republic of Colombia. Internal divisions remained between the bipartisan political forces, occasionally igniting very bloody civil wars, the most significant being the Thousand Days civil war — This, together with the United States of America's intentions to influence the area especially the Panama Canal construction and control led to the separation of the Department of Panama in and the establishment of it as a nation. Colombia was engulfed in the Year-Long War with Peru over a territorial dispute involving the Amazonas Department and its capital Leticia.

Soon after, Colombia achieved a relative degree of political stability, which was interrupted by a bloody conflict that took place between the late s and the early s, a period known as La Violencia "The Violence". The violence from these riots spread throughout the country and claimed the lives of at least , Colombians. From to the violence between the two political parties decreased first when Gustavo Rojas deposed the President of Colombia in a coup d'état and negotiated with the guerrillas, and then under the military junta of General Gabriel París Gordillo.

After Rojas' deposition the two political parties Colombian Conservative Party and Colombian Liberal Party agreed to the creation of a "National Front", whereby the Liberal and Conservative parties would govern jointly. The presidency would be determined by an alternating conservative and liberal president every 4 years for 16 years; the two parties would have parity in all other elective offices.

The National Front ended "La Violencia", and National Front administrations attempted to institute far-reaching social and economic reforms in cooperation with the Alliance for Progress. In the end, the contradictions between each successive Liberal and Conservative administration made the results decidedly mixed. Despite the progress in certain sectors, many social and political problems continued, and guerrilla groups were formally created such as the FARC, ELN and M to fight the government and political apparatus. These guerrilla groups were dominated by Marxist doctrines. Emerging in the late s, powerful and violent drug cartels further developed during the s and s.

The Medellín Cartel under Pablo Escobar and the Cali Cartel, in particular, exerted political, economic and social influence in Colombia during this period. These cartels also financed and influenced different illegal armed groups throughout the political spectrum. Some enemies of these allied with the guerrillas and created or influenced paramilitary groups. The new Colombian Constitution of was ratified after being drafted by the Constituent Assembly of Colombia.

The constitution included key provisions on political, ethnic, human and gender rights. The new constitution initially prohibited the extradition of Colombian nationals, causing accusations that drug cartels had lobbied for the provision; extradition was allowed again in when the provision was repealed. The cartels had previously promoted a violent campaign against extradition, leading to many terrorist attacks and mafia-style executions.

They also tried to influence the government and political structure of Colombia through corruption, as in the case of the Process scandal. In recent years, the country has continued to be plagued by the effects of the drug trade, guerrilla insurgencies like FARC, and paramilitary groups such as the AUC later demobilized, though paramilitarism remains active , which along with other minor factions have engaged in a bloody internal armed conflict. The government set up a "demilitarized" zone, but repeated tensions and crisis led the Pastrana administration to conclude that the negotiations were ineffectual.

Pastrana also began to implement the Plan Colombia initiative, with the dual goal of ending the armed conflict and promoting a strong anti-narcotic strategy. Guerrillas have been reduced from 16, insurgents to 8, insurgents. While some in the UN argue Colombia is violating human rights to achieve peace, most do not argue that increase military pressure has had considerable improvements that have favored economic growth and tourism.

The — Colombian parapolitics scandal emerged from the revelations and judicial implications of past and present links between paramilitary groups, mainly the AUC, and some government officials and many politicians, most of them allied to the governing administration. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by Panama and the Caribbean Sea; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean.

Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, a region of the world subject to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, Colombia is dominated by the Andes mountains. Peaks in the Cordillera Occidental exceed 13, ft 4, m , and in the Cordillera Central and Cordillera Oriental they reach 18, ft 5, m.

East of the Andes lies the savanna of the Llanos, part of the Orinoco River basin, and, in the far south east, the jungle of the Amazon rainforest.

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By contrast the narrow and discontinuous Pacific coastal lowlands, backed by the Serranía de Baudó mountains, are covered in dense vegetation and sparsely populated. The principal Pacific port is Buenaventura. It was conceived by the revolutionary Francisco de Miranda as a reference to the New World, especially to all American territories and colonies under Spanish and Portuguese rule.

The name was then adopted by the Republic of Colombia of formed by the union of Venezuela, New Granada and Ecuador.

In , when Venezuela and Ecuador separated, the Cundinamarca region that remained became a new country: the Republic of New Granada. In New Granada changed its name officially to United States of Colombia, and in adopted its present day name: Republic of Colombia. Francisco de Miranda was the person who originally created the common Yellow, Blue and Red flag that Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela share, based on the idea from a flag that Christopher Colombus used in one of his voyages and also based on the theory exposed to him by Goethe, The Primary Colors.

In a letter written by Francisco de Miranda, referring to a conversation he had with Goethe, he explained the symbolic meaning of the flag's color stripes: "First he explained to me the way the iris transforms the light into the three primary colours In modern times, different interpretations have been taught to children at school: yellow symbolizes the rich resources of its grounds; blue symbolizes the two oceans that surround its coasts; red represents the blood of the heroes who died while fighting for Colombia's independence.

The Coat of Arms of Colombia contains a shield with numerous symbols. Perched on top of the shield is an Andean Condor holding an olive crown and the condor symbolizing freedom.