Spain came into the twentieth century lacking laws about homosexuality, having only created its first penal code in the modern era in Inspired by the French Napoleonic Code of , neither mentioned homosexuality as sodomy had been legal in France since While the law made no distinctions between same-sex sexual activity and opposite-sex sexual activity, sexual offenses could still be prosecuted if resulting from a case about the violation of morals.

Leniency in sentencing would be totally arbitrary and lesbians could find themselves more severely punished for violating societal gender roles. Repudiated by their family and having their deceit discovered by neighbors, the couple fled to Porto , Portugal where they were arrested. The pair would then flee to Argentina. Following the end of the First Republic in , the Bourbon monarchy was restored in Spain along with its conservative brand of Roman Catholicism.

This period represented a shift in Spain, where non-sexual lesbian love between women went from something of an idealized part of the cultural imagination of the closeness between women to that of a pervert with mental illness. There was no culture for lesbians to draw from, with no historical role models or body of literature for women to identify with. Some lesbians who were discovered in this period were forced to undergo conversion therapy, voluntarily submitting to it because they viewed themselves as defective and sick in the head.

The creation by Freud of psychoanalysis encouraged many to believe that the method could be used to cure homosexuality.

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These cures often involved chemical and surgical approaches, with hormone treatments first which were then followed by drugs designed to remove a women's sexual libido. If this failed, women would be subjected to aversion therapy, which sometimes included shock therapy. If a woman still had homosexual thoughts, surgical treatments would be undertaken, including removal of the uterus or ovaries.

In a few cases, lobotomies were also performed. To avoid this, many lesbians just went into deep denial. On the literary scene, there were few lesbians. They were often forced to use male pen names to be published or had to remove female characters from stories. In discussing lesbianism, her work demonstrated that Spanish society was backward in its thinking and out of touch with the rest of Europe. A manual published in described a lesbian as "an active, courageous, creative type, of fairly determined temperament, not too emotional; lover of life outdoors, science, politics or even business; good organizer and pleased with positions of responsibility Her body is perfectly feminine, although her inner nature is largely masculine.

Lesbians were also described in another sexology publication in that period as "congenital inverts".

A third described them as "pseudoinvestidas", suggesting they would have been heterosexuals had they not been lured into inversion by others. The first laws criminalizing homosexuality appeared in Spain in the Penal Code. In the s, Spain was very Catholic in terms of cultural orientation.

They were wards of their male family members, could be forced into marriage and could not divorce. The Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera occurred during a period where Spanish women were influenced by Anglo-Saxon flappers and the French garçonnes , who helped redefine Spanish womanhood, femininity and masculinity.

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Set against an international backdrop of return to normalcy and previous gender roles following World War I , it combined femininity with sensuality. They imitated men. Lesbian flappers imitated Carlota, from the novel Sab. These were European women, who found freedom through work outside the household.

For some men in the Primo de Rivera period, there was no separation between feminism and lesbianism; the two were easily confused by many men including Gregorio Marañón. Gregorio Marañón saw lesbianism as a result of women eschewing traditional feminism, and instead taking up more masculine pursuits like sports. People viewed them as having a mental illness, and being inverted. A prominent lesbian of this period was Victoria Kent , one of three women elected to the first Congreso de Diputados in the Second Republic.

In , she made history when she became the first woman to join the Colegio de Abogados de Madrid and become a lawyer. Like others, her lesbian status would not be well known until after the Civil War. She had an unhappy childhood and never managed to fit in. She felt disgust at the idea of binding herself to a man for life.

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From a young age, she always wanted self-determination. The couple had two children. Until the start of the Second Republic, women in general had few rights under the law. Things changed, with the introduction of laws that would empower women more generally in this period.

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They included the ability to run for political office, to vote, and to be able to get divorces. In , Article was repealed when the new Spanish constitution came into force with the birth of the Second Republic. While this was not comparable to equality for women promised under law, it marked a major step forward in advancing nascent rights for the LGBT community in the country. This reform saw the elimination of homosexuality as an aggravating factor in crime. This law allowed the state to intervene after a crime had been committed or to prevent potential crimes being committed if they thought a potentially dangerous situation was going to occur.

The , the Ley de Vagos y Maleantes removed homosexuality as a crime from the books, except among members of the military. Beggars, ruffians, pimps and prostitutes were still considered criminals. The Second Republic ushered in a period where people would accuse their political enemies of being homosexual. Later, she started working for the newspaper Umbral , where she met her partner América Barroso in Margarita Xirgu was a well known Catalan stage actress during the Second Republic who was known in the theater community as an out lesbian. At the premiere of Yerma in Madrid, right-wing supporters in attendance interrupted the show to accuse her from their seats in the upper gallery of being a lesbian and a queer.

She left Spain in January for an overseas tour, where she performed a number of Lorca's plays. She was met by appreciative audiences in Mexico that year. Irene Polo was another Catalan lesbian, who was also a self-taught journalist and out to those in the newsroom.

Her abrupt decision to move resulted from her love for Margarita Xirgu. The pair would split a few years later as the relationship was largely a one-sided affair. Polo committed suicide in Chile in by jumping out of a window. Carmen de Burgos was a prominent lesbian during the time of the Second Republic. The first professional woman journalist in the country, her open lesbianism was tolerated as a decadent vice.

The residence allowed women to openly discuss their radical beliefs, including the concept of free love and prison reform. Little is known about lesbians during the Spanish Civil War, as they largely disappeared from history and their stories were bundled generally without lesbian context alongside heterosexual women.

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It was less present in Republican-controlled cities. Safety for women meant complying with hegemonic Spanish culture. Huelva was taken by Nationalist forces on 29 July , with full control of the province taking place by September During the Civil War, gay men and lesbian women behind Nationalist lines were often sent to Prisión Provincial de Huelva, one of the two most notorious prisons in Spain at the time.

There, they were tortured and received particularly harsh punishment. Some lesbians there may have been misidentified as merely women who defied social conventions about the role of women. During the Civil War, Kent initially assisted by procuring supplies for Republicans in Guadarrama and later by assisting child refugees fleeing Spain. Soon, she was appointed as the First Secretary at the Republican Embassy in Paris, where she continued her work in trying to secure passage for Spanish refugee children, attempting to get them into the United States.

In the immediate post War period, the government's primary concern was removing political and armed resistance. LGBT people were not and would not be a major focus until they had eliminated these threats, and were able to force a form of conservative Catholicism on the populace. The Ley de Vagos y Maleantes was used by the Franco regime until to criminally punish homosexuals. Lesbians who did find themselves in prison were often easy blackmail targets for guards. This was because a number of lesbians had sex behind bars for non-political prisoners.

Some of these relationships were non-consensual as female guards might use their power to force other women to have sex with them and rape them. While relatively open about their orientation in exile, they all tried to maintain levels of discretion about it. During the s, year-old Victoria Kent became involved with New York philanthropist Louise Crane , who was 15 years her junior, while living in exile. Starting in , the couple published Ibérica: por la Libertad. The magazine was one of the most important publications among Spanish moderates living in exile.

It only closed in It served to pressure the US Government to end its ties to Franco, even as the US sought to strengthen to combat the perceived communist threat. Because of the Franco regime's beliefs about women, including an inability to understand lesbianism, there was some underground culture available for lesbian women.

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Where multiple men using public urinals was suspect, girls having parties without boys in attendance was viewed less circumspectly as it was assumed by many that they were being pure by not inviting boys. Their invisibility protected lesbians in ways that it did not protect men because many people believed lesbianism did not exist.

Because beaches were gender segregated, it was often an easy place for lesbians to socialize. A Spanish literary tradition for lesbians would not start until the end of Francoism. The first lesbian organization in Spain would not be founded until in Barcelona, and lesbians would continue to maintain a lower profile in the LGBT community in Spain than their gay male peers. The Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory was founded in by Spanish journalist Emilio Silva after he successfully located the remains of his grandfather and eleven others in a roadside ditch.

Starting in , he began lobbying for historical memory to become law, which it did in with the support of the Zapatero government as La Ley de Memoria Histórica. By law, victims existed but perpetrators did not. This is questioned by some, who do not understand how finding and identifying the bones of Francoist victims will assist Spaniards in resolving their complicated past.

They do not have any larger legacy. Lesbian stories are harder to find as gay men had much more visibility as a result of more brutal punishment by the Franco regime. Lesbians, benefiting from lower visibility as a means to avoid repression, have a much harder history to document in the Civil War period. While broad strokes are known, many of the individual stories are lost or forgotten so they cannot be remembered. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Homosexuality Bisexuality pansexuality polysexuality Asexuality gray asexuality Demographics Biology Environment.

Social attitudes. Prejudice , violence.